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Saturated hydrocarbons with only single C-C bonds. The simplest organic compounds, also called paraffins.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one C=C double bond. Undergo addition reactions and are key building blocks in synthesis.

Hydrocarbons containing a C≡C triple bond. Terminal alkynes are weakly acidic and versatile in synthesis via acetylide chemistry.

Cyclic, planar, fully conjugated hydrocarbons following Hückel's rule (4n+2 π electrons). Exceptionally stable, prefer substitution over addition.

Contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to a saturated carbon. Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on the carbon bearing -OH.

Contain a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain. Highly reactive toward nucleophilic addition. Key intermediates in synthesis.

Contain a carbonyl group (C=O) between two carbon groups. Less reactive than aldehydes toward nucleophilic addition due to steric and electronic effects.

Contain the carboxyl group (-COOH), combining carbonyl and hydroxyl. The most common organic acid, central to biochemistry and synthesis.

Derived from carboxylic acids by replacing -OH with -OR. Often have pleasant fruity aromas. Key linkages in fats, oils, and polyesters.

Two organic groups bonded to oxygen. Relatively inert, making them excellent solvents. Cyclic ethers (epoxides, THF) are more reactive.

Three-membered cyclic ethers with high ring strain (~114 kJ/mol). Extremely reactive toward nucleophiles, opening regioselectively.

Hydroxyl group directly attached to an aromatic ring. More acidic than alcohols (pKa ~10) due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide anion.

Organic derivatives of ammonia. Classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Important in pharmaceuticals, dyes, and biochemistry (amino acids).

Contain a nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl carbon. The peptide bond in proteins is an amide linkage. Very stable due to resonance.

Contain a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. Versatile in synthesis — can be converted to acids, amides, amines, aldehydes, and ketones.

Contain a C=N double bond. Formed by condensation of an aldehyde/ketone with a primary amine. Key intermediates in reductive amination and enzymatic reactions.

Strong electron-withdrawing group containing nitrogen bonded to two oxygens. Powerful meta-director in EAS. Can be reduced to amines.

Carbon bonded to a halogen atom. Central to substitution (SN1/SN2) and elimination (E1/E2) chemistry. Reactivity: R-I > R-Br > R-Cl > R-F.

Most reactive carboxylic acid derivative. Reacts vigorously with nucleophiles (water, alcohols, amines). Key intermediate for making esters, amides, and anhydrides.

Sulfur analog of alcohols. More acidic and more nucleophilic than alcohols. Disulfide bonds (R-S-S-R) are crucial for protein structure.

Two acyl groups joined by an oxygen. Reactive but less so than acyl halides. Acetic anhydride is widely used in acetylation reactions.